834 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
834 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
PDCurses User's Guide
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=====================
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Curses Overview
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---------------
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The X/Open Curses Interface Definition describes a set of C-Language
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functions that provide screen-handling and updating, which are
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collectively known as the curses library.
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The curses library permits manipulation of data structures called
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windows which may be thought of as two-dimensional arrays of
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characters representing all or part of a terminal's screen. The
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windows are manipulated using a procedural interface described
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elsewhere. The curses package maintains a record of what characters
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are on the screen. At the most basic level, manipulation is done with
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the routines move() and addch() which are used to "move" the curses
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around and add characters to the default window, stdscr, which
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represents the whole screen.
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An application may use these routines to add data to the window in any
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convenient order. Once all data have been added, the routine
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refresh() is called. The package then determines what changes have
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been made which affect the screen. The screen contents are then
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changed to reflect those characters now in the window, using a
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sequence of operations optimized for the type of terminal in use.
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At a higher level routines combining the actions of move() and addch()
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are defined, as are routines to add whole strings and to perform
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format conversions in the manner of printf().
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Interfaces are also defined to erase the entire window and to specify
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the attributes of individual characters in the window. Attributes
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such as inverse video, underline and blink can be used on a
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per-character basis.
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New windows can be created by allowing the application to build
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several images of the screen and display the appropriate one very
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quickly. New windows are created using the routine newwin(). For
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each routine that manipulates the default window, stdscr, there is a
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corresponding routine prefixed with w to manipulate the contents of a
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specified window; for example, move() and wmove(). In fact, move(...)
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is functionally equivalent to wmove( stdscr, ...). This is similar to
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the interface offered by printf(...) and fprintf(stdout, ...).
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Windows do not have to correspond to the entire screen. It is
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possible to create smaller windows, and also to indicate that the
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window is only partially visible on the screen. Furthermore, large
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windows or pads, which are bigger than the actual screen size, may be
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created.
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Interfaces are also defined to allow input character manipulation and
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to disable and enable many input attributes: character echo, single
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character input with or without signal processing (cbreak or raw
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modes), carriage returns mapping to newlines, screen scrolling, etc.
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Data Types and the <curses.h> Header
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------------------------------------
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The data types supported by curses are described in this section.
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As the library supports a procedural interface to the data types, actual
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structure contents are not described. All curses data are manipulated
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using the routines provided.
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THE <curses.h> HEADER
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The <curses.h> header defines various constants and declares the data
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types that are available to the application.
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DATA TYPES
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The following data types are declared:
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WINDOW * pointer to screen representation
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SCREEN * pointer to terminal descriptor
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bool boolean data type
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chtype representation of a character in a window
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cchar_t the wide-character equivalent of chtype
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attr_t for WA_-style attributes
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The actual WINDOW and SCREEN objects used to store information are
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created by the corresponding routines and a pointer to them is provided.
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All manipulation is through that pointer.
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VARIABLES
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The following variables are defined:
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LINES number of lines on terminal screen
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COLS number of columns on terminal screen
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stdscr pointer to the default screen window
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curscr pointer to the current screen image
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SP pointer to the current SCREEN struct
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Mouse_status status of the mouse
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COLORS number of colors available
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COLOR_PAIRS number of color pairs available
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TABSIZE size of one TAB block
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acs_map[] alternate character set map
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ttytype[] terminal name/description
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CONSTANTS
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The following constants are defined:
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GENERAL
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FALSE boolean false value
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TRUE boolean true value
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NULL zero pointer value
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ERR value returned on error condition
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OK value returned on successful completion
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VIDEO ATTRIBUTES
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Normally, attributes are a property of the character.
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For chtype:
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A_ALTCHARSET use the alternate character set
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A_BLINK bright background or blinking
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A_BOLD bright foreground or bold
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A_DIM half bright -- no effect in PDCurses
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A_INVIS invisible
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A_ITALIC italic
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A_LEFTLINE line along the left edge
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A_PROTECT protected (?) -- PDCurses renders this as a
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combination of the *LINE attributes
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A_REVERSE reverse video
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A_RIGHTLINE line along the right edge
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A_STANDOUT terminal's best highlighting mode
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A_UNDERLINE underline
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A_ATTRIBUTES bit-mask to extract attributes
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A_CHARTEXT bit-mask to extract a character
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A_COLOR bit-mask to extract a color-pair
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Not all attributes will work on all terminals. A_RIGHTLINE, A_LEFTLINE
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and A_ITALIC are specific to PDCurses. A_INVIS and A_ITALIC are given
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the same value in PDCurses.
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For attr_t:
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WA_ALTCHARSET same as A_ALTCHARSET
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WA_BLINK same as A_BLINK
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WA_BOLD same as A_BOLD
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WA_DIM same as A_DIM
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WA_INVIS same as A_INVIS
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WA_LEFT same as A_LEFTLINE
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WA_PROTECT same as A_PROTECT
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WA_REVERSE same as A_REVERSE
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WA_RIGHT same as A_RIGHTLINE
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WA_STANDOUT same as A_STANDOUT
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WA_UNDERLINE same as A_UNDERLINE
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Note that while A_LEFTLINE and A_RIGHTLINE are PDCurses-specific,
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WA_LEFT and WA_RIGHT are standard. The following are also defined, for
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compatibility, but currently have no effect in PDCurses: WA_HORIZONTAL,
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WA_LOW, WA_TOP, WA_VERTICAL.
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THE ALTERNATE CHARACTER SET
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For use in chtypes and with related functions. These are a portable way
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to represent graphics characters on different terminals.
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VT100-compatible symbols -- box characters:
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ACS_ULCORNER upper left box corner
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ACS_LLCORNER lower left box corner
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ACS_URCORNER upper right box corner
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ACS_LRCORNER lower right box corner
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ACS_RTEE right "T"
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ACS_LTEE left "T"
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ACS_BTEE bottom "T"
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ACS_TTEE top "T"
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ACS_HLINE horizontal line
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ACS_VLINE vertical line
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ACS_PLUS plus sign, cross, or four-corner piece
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VT100-compatible symbols -- other:
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ACS_S1 scan line 1
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ACS_S9 scan line 9
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ACS_DIAMOND diamond
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ACS_CKBOARD checkerboard -- 50% grey
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ACS_DEGREE degree symbol
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ACS_PLMINUS plus/minus sign
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ACS_BULLET bullet
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Teletype 5410v1 symbols -- these are defined in SysV curses, but
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are not well-supported by most terminals. Stick to VT100 characters
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for optimum portability:
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ACS_LARROW left arrow
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ACS_RARROW right arrow
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ACS_DARROW down arrow
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ACS_UARROW up arrow
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ACS_BOARD checkerboard -- lighter (less dense) than
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ACS_CKBOARD
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ACS_LANTERN lantern symbol
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ACS_BLOCK solid block
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That goes double for these -- undocumented SysV symbols. Don't use
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them:
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ACS_S3 scan line 3
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ACS_S7 scan line 7
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ACS_LEQUAL less than or equal
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ACS_GEQUAL greater than or equal
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ACS_PI pi
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ACS_NEQUAL not equal
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ACS_STERLING pounds sterling symbol
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Box character aliases:
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ACS_BSSB same as ACS_ULCORNER
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ACS_SSBB same as ACS_LLCORNER
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ACS_BBSS same as ACS_URCORNER
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ACS_SBBS same as ACS_LRCORNER
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ACS_SBSS same as ACS_RTEE
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ACS_SSSB same as ACS_LTEE
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ACS_SSBS same as ACS_BTEE
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ACS_BSSS same as ACS_TTEE
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ACS_BSBS same as ACS_HLINE
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ACS_SBSB same as ACS_VLINE
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ACS_SSSS same as ACS_PLUS
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For cchar_t and wide-character functions, WACS_ equivalents are also
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defined.
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COLORS
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For use with init_pair(), color_set(), etc.:
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COLOR_BLACK
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COLOR_BLUE
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COLOR_GREEN
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COLOR_CYAN
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COLOR_RED
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COLOR_MAGENTA
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COLOR_YELLOW
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COLOR_WHITE
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Use these instead of numeric values. The definition of the colors
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depends on the implementation of curses.
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INPUT VALUES
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The following constants might be returned by getch() if keypad() has
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been enabled. Note that not all of these may be supported on a
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particular terminal:
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KEY_BREAK break key
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KEY_DOWN the four arrow keys
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KEY_UP
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KEY_LEFT
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KEY_RIGHT
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KEY_HOME home key (upward+left arrow)
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KEY_BACKSPACE backspace
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KEY_F0 function keys; space for 64 keys is reserved
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KEY_F(n) (KEY_F0+(n))
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KEY_DL delete line
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KEY_IL insert line
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KEY_DC delete character
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KEY_IC insert character
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KEY_EIC exit insert character mode
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KEY_CLEAR clear screen
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KEY_EOS clear to end of screen
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KEY_EOL clear to end of line
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KEY_SF scroll 1 line forwards
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KEY_SR scroll 1 line backwards (reverse)
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KEY_NPAGE next page
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KEY_PPAGE previous page
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KEY_STAB set tab
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KEY_CTAB clear tab
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KEY_CATAB clear all tabs
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KEY_ENTER enter or send
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KEY_SRESET soft (partial) reset
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KEY_RESET reset or hard reset
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KEY_PRINT print or copy
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KEY_LL home down or bottom (lower left)
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KEY_A1 upper left of virtual keypad
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KEY_A3 upper right of virtual keypad
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KEY_B2 center of virtual keypad
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KEY_C1 lower left of virtual keypad
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KEY_C3 lower right of virtual keypad
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KEY_BTAB Back tab key
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KEY_BEG Beginning key
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KEY_CANCEL Cancel key
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KEY_CLOSE Close key
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KEY_COMMAND Cmd (command) key
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KEY_COPY Copy key
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KEY_CREATE Create key
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KEY_END End key
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KEY_EXIT Exit key
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KEY_FIND Find key
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KEY_HELP Help key
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KEY_MARK Mark key
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KEY_MESSAGE Message key
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KEY_MOVE Move key
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KEY_NEXT Next object key
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KEY_OPEN Open key
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KEY_OPTIONS Options key
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KEY_PREVIOUS Previous object key
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KEY_REDO Redo key
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KEY_REFERENCE Reference key
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KEY_REFRESH Refresh key
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KEY_REPLACE Replace key
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KEY_RESTART Restart key
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KEY_RESUME Resume key
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KEY_SAVE Save key
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KEY_SBEG Shifted beginning key
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KEY_SCANCEL Shifted cancel key
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KEY_SCOMMAND Shifted command key
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KEY_SCOPY Shifted copy key
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KEY_SCREATE Shifted create key
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KEY_SDC Shifted delete char key
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KEY_SDL Shifted delete line key
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KEY_SELECT Select key
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KEY_SEND Shifted end key
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KEY_SEOL Shifted clear line key
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KEY_SEXIT Shifted exit key
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KEY_SFIND Shifted find key
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KEY_SHELP Shifted help key
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KEY_SHOME Shifted home key
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KEY_SIC Shifted input key
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KEY_SLEFT Shifted left arrow key
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KEY_SMESSAGE Shifted message key
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KEY_SMOVE Shifted move key
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KEY_SNEXT Shifted next key
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KEY_SOPTIONS Shifted options key
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KEY_SPREVIOUS Shifted prev key
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KEY_SPRINT Shifted print key
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KEY_SREDO Shifted redo key
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KEY_SREPLACE Shifted replace key
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KEY_SRIGHT Shifted right arrow
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KEY_SRSUME Shifted resume key
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KEY_SSAVE Shifted save key
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KEY_SSUSPEND Shifted suspend key
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KEY_SUNDO Shifted undo key
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KEY_SUSPEND Suspend key
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KEY_UNDO Undo key
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The virtual keypad is arranged like this:
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A1 up A3
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left B2 right
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C1 down C3
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This list is incomplete -- see curses.h for the full list, and use the
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testcurs demo to see what values are actually returned. The above are
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just the keys required by X/Open. In particular, PDCurses defines many
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CTL_ and ALT_ combinations; these are not portable.
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FUNCTIONS
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The following table lists each curses routine and the name of the manual
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page on which it is described.
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Functions from the X/Open curses standard -- complete, except for
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getch() and ungetch(), which are implemented as macros for DOS
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compatibility:
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Curses Function Manual Page Name
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addch addch
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addchnstr addchstr
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addchstr addchstr
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addnstr addstr
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addstr addstr
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attroff attr
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attron attr
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attrset attr
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attr_get attr
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attr_off attr
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attr_on attr
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attr_set attr
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baudrate termattr
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beep beep
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bkgd bkgd
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bkgdset bkgd
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border border
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box border
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can_change_color color
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cbreak inopts
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chgat attr
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clearok outopts
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clear clear
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clrtobot clear
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clrtoeol clear
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color_content color
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color_set attr
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copywin overlay
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curs_set kernel
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def_prog_mode kernel
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def_shell_mode kernel
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del_curterm terminfo
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delay_output util
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delch delch
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deleteln deleteln
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delscreen initscr
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delwin window
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derwin window
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doupdate refresh
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dupwin window
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echochar addch
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echo inopts
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endwin initscr
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erasechar termattr
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erase clear
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filter util
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flash beep
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flushinp getch
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getbkgd bkgd
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getnstr getstr
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getstr getstr
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getwin scr_dump
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halfdelay inopts
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has_colors color
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has_ic termattr
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has_il termattr
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hline border
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idcok outopts
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idlok outopts
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immedok outopts
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inchnstr inchstr
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inchstr inchstr
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inch inch
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init_color color
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init_pair color
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initscr initscr
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innstr instr
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insch insch
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insdelln deleteln
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insertln deleteln
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insnstr innstr
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insstr innstr
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instr instr
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intrflush inopts
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isendwin initscr
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is_linetouched touch
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is_wintouched touch
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keyname keyname
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keypad inopts
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killchar termattr
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leaveok outopts
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longname termattr
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meta inopts
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move move
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mvaddch addch
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mvaddchnstr addchstr
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mvaddchstr addchstr
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mvaddnstr addstr
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mvaddstr addstr
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mvchgat attr
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mvcur terminfo
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mvdelch delch
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mvderwin window
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mvgetch getch
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mvgetnstr getstr
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mvgetstr getstr
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mvhline border
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mvinch inch
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mvinchnstr inchstr
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mvinchstr inchstr
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mvinnstr instr
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mvinsch insch
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mvinsnstr insstr
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mvinsstr insstr
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mvinstr instr
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mvprintw printw
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mvscanw scanw
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mvvline border
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mvwaddchnstr addchstr
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mvwaddchstr addchstr
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mvwaddch addch
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mvwaddnstr addstr
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mvwaddstr addstr
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mvwchgat attr
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mvwdelch delch
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mvwgetch getch
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mvwgetnstr getstr
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mvwgetstr getstr
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mvwhline border
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mvwinchnstr inchstr
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mvwinchstr inchstr
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mvwinch inch
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mvwinnstr instr
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mvwinsch insch
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mvwinsnstr insstr
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mvwinsstr insstr
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mvwinstr instr
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mvwin window
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mvwprintw printw
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mvwscanw scanw
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mvwvline border
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napms kernel
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newpad pad
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newterm initscr
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newwin window
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nl inopts
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nocbreak inopts
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nodelay inopts
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noecho inopts
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nonl inopts
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noqiflush inopts
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noraw inopts
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notimeout inopts
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overlay overlay
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overwrite overlay
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pair_content color
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pechochar pad
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pnoutrefresh pad
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prefresh pad
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printw printw
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putp terminfo
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putwin scr_dump
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qiflush inopts
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raw inopts
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redrawwin refresh
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refresh refresh
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reset_prog_mode kernel
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reset_shell_mode kernel
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resetty kernel
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restartterm terminfo
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ripoffline kernel
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savetty kernel
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scanw scanw
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scr_dump scr_dump
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scr_init scr_dump
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scr_restore scr_dump
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scr_set scr_dump
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scrl scroll
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scroll scroll
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scrollok outopts
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set_term initscr
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setscrreg outopts
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setterm terminfo
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setupterm terminfo
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slk_attroff slk
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slk_attr_off slk
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slk_attron slk
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slk_attr_on slk
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slk_attrset slk
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slk_attr_set slk
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slk_clear slk
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slk_color slk
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slk_init slk
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slk_label slk
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slk_noutrefresh slk
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slk_refresh slk
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slk_restore slk
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slk_set slk
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slk_touch slk
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standend attr
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standout attr
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start_color color
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subpad pad
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subwin window
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syncok window
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termattrs termattrs
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term_attrs termattrs
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termname termattrs
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tgetent termcap
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tgetflag termcap
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tgetnum termcap
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tgetstr termcap
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tgoto termcap
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tigetflag terminfo
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tigetnum terminfo
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tigetstr terminfo
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timeout inopts
|
|
touchline touch
|
|
touchwin touch
|
|
tparm terminfo
|
|
tputs terminfo
|
|
typeahead inopts
|
|
untouchwin touch
|
|
use_env util
|
|
vidattr terminfo
|
|
vid_attr terminfo
|
|
vidputs terminfo
|
|
vid_puts terminfo
|
|
vline border
|
|
vw_printw printw
|
|
vwprintw printw
|
|
vw_scanw scanw
|
|
vwscanw scanw
|
|
waddchnstr addchstr
|
|
waddchstr addchstr
|
|
waddch addch
|
|
waddnstr addstr
|
|
waddstr addstr
|
|
wattroff attr
|
|
wattron attr
|
|
wattrset attr
|
|
wattr_get attr
|
|
wattr_off attr
|
|
wattr_on attr
|
|
wattr_set attr
|
|
wbkgdset bkgd
|
|
wbkgd bkgd
|
|
wborder border
|
|
wchgat attr
|
|
wclear clear
|
|
wclrtobot clear
|
|
wclrtoeol clear
|
|
wcolor_set attr
|
|
wcursyncup window
|
|
wdelch delch
|
|
wdeleteln deleteln
|
|
wechochar addch
|
|
werase clear
|
|
wgetch getch
|
|
wgetnstr getstr
|
|
wgetstr getstr
|
|
whline border
|
|
winchnstr inchstr
|
|
winchstr inchstr
|
|
winch inch
|
|
winnstr instr
|
|
winsch insch
|
|
winsdelln deleteln
|
|
winsertln deleteln
|
|
winsnstr insstr
|
|
winsstr insstr
|
|
winstr instr
|
|
wmove move
|
|
wnoutrefresh refresh
|
|
wprintw printw
|
|
wredrawln refresh
|
|
wrefresh refresh
|
|
wscanw scanw
|
|
wscrl scroll
|
|
wsetscrreg outopts
|
|
wstandend attr
|
|
wstandout attr
|
|
wsyncdown window
|
|
wsyncup window
|
|
wtimeout inopts
|
|
wtouchln touch
|
|
wvline border
|
|
|
|
Wide-character functions from the X/Open standard -- these are only
|
|
available when PDCurses is built with PDC_WIDE defined, and the
|
|
prototypes are only available from curses.h when PDC_WIDE is defined
|
|
before its inclusion in your app:
|
|
|
|
addnwstr addstr
|
|
addwstr addstr
|
|
add_wch addch
|
|
add_wchnstr addchstr
|
|
add_wchstr addchstr
|
|
border_set border
|
|
box_set border
|
|
echo_wchar addch
|
|
erasewchar termattr
|
|
getbkgrnd bkgd
|
|
getcchar util
|
|
getn_wstr getstr
|
|
get_wch getch
|
|
get_wstr getstr
|
|
hline_set border
|
|
innwstr instr
|
|
ins_nwstr insstr
|
|
ins_wch insch
|
|
ins_wstr insstr
|
|
inwstr instr
|
|
in_wch inch
|
|
in_wchnstr inchstr
|
|
in_wchstr inchstr
|
|
key_name keyname
|
|
killwchar termattr
|
|
mvaddnwstr addstr
|
|
mvaddwstr addstr
|
|
mvadd_wch addch
|
|
mvadd_wchnstr addchstr
|
|
mvadd_wchstr addchstr
|
|
mvgetn_wstr getstr
|
|
mvget_wch getch
|
|
mvget_wstr getstr
|
|
mvhline_set border
|
|
mvinnwstr instr
|
|
mvins_nwstr insstr
|
|
mvins_wch insch
|
|
mvins_wstr insstr
|
|
mvinwstr instr
|
|
mvwaddnwstr addstr
|
|
mvwaddwstr addstr
|
|
mvwadd_wch addch
|
|
mvwadd_wchnstr addchstr
|
|
mvwadd_wchstr addchstr
|
|
mvwgetn_wstr getstr
|
|
mvwget_wch getch
|
|
mvwget_wstr getstr
|
|
mvwhline_set border
|
|
mvwinnwstr instr
|
|
mvwins_nwstr insstr
|
|
mvwins_wch insch
|
|
mvwins_wstr insstr
|
|
mvwin_wch inch
|
|
mvwin_wchnstr inchstr
|
|
mvwin_wchstr inchstr
|
|
mvwinwstr instr
|
|
mvwvline_set border
|
|
pecho_wchar pad
|
|
setcchar util
|
|
slk_wset slk
|
|
unget_wch getch
|
|
vline_set border
|
|
waddnwstr addstr
|
|
waddwstr addstr
|
|
wadd_wch addch
|
|
wadd_wchnstr addchstr
|
|
wadd_wchstr addchstr
|
|
wbkgrnd bkgd
|
|
wbkgrndset bkgd
|
|
wborder_set border
|
|
wecho_wchar addch
|
|
wgetbkgrnd bkgd
|
|
wgetn_wstr getstr
|
|
wget_wch getch
|
|
wget_wstr getstr
|
|
whline_set border
|
|
winnwstr instr
|
|
wins_nwstr insstr
|
|
wins_wch insch
|
|
wins_wstr insstr
|
|
winwstr instr
|
|
win_wch inch
|
|
win_wchnstr inchstr
|
|
win_wchstr inchstr
|
|
wunctrl util
|
|
wvline_set border
|
|
|
|
Quasi-standard functions, from Sys V or BSD curses:
|
|
|
|
getattrs attr
|
|
getbegx getyx
|
|
getbegy getyx
|
|
getmaxx getyx
|
|
getmaxy getyx
|
|
getparx getyx
|
|
getparx getyx
|
|
traceoff debug
|
|
traceon debug
|
|
unctrl util
|
|
|
|
Classic PDCurses mouse functions, based on Sys V:
|
|
|
|
mouse_set mouse
|
|
mouse_on mouse
|
|
mouse_off mouse
|
|
request_mouse_pos mouse
|
|
map_button mouse
|
|
wmouse_position mouse
|
|
getmouse mouse
|
|
getbmap mouse
|
|
|
|
Functions from ncurses:
|
|
|
|
assume_default_colors color
|
|
curses_version initscr
|
|
has_key keyname
|
|
use_default_colors color
|
|
wresize window
|
|
|
|
mouseinterval mouse
|
|
mousemask mouse
|
|
mouse_trafo mouse
|
|
nc_getmouse mouse
|
|
ungetmouse mouse
|
|
wenclose mouse
|
|
wmouse_trafo mouse
|
|
|
|
PDCurses-specific functions -- avoid these in code that's intended to be
|
|
portable:
|
|
|
|
addrawch addch
|
|
insrawch insch
|
|
is_termresized initscr
|
|
mvaddrawch addch
|
|
mvdeleteln deleteln
|
|
mvinsertln deleteln
|
|
mvinsrawch insch
|
|
mvwaddrawch addch
|
|
mvwdeleteln deleteln
|
|
mvwinsertln deleteln
|
|
mvwinsrawch insch
|
|
raw_output outopts
|
|
resize_term initscr
|
|
resize_window window
|
|
slk_wlabel slk
|
|
waddrawch addch
|
|
winsrawch insch
|
|
wordchar termattr
|
|
|
|
PDC_debug debug
|
|
PDC_ungetch getch
|
|
PDC_set_blink pdcsetsc
|
|
PDC_set_line_color color
|
|
PDC_set_title pdcsetsc
|
|
|
|
PDC_clearclipboard pdcclip
|
|
PDC_freeclipboard pdcclip
|
|
PDC_getclipboard pdcclip
|
|
PDC_setclipboard pdcclip
|
|
|
|
PDC_get_input_fd pdckbd
|
|
PDC_get_key_modifiers getch
|
|
PDC_return_key_modifiers getch
|
|
PDC_save_key_modifiers getch
|
|
|
|
Functions specific to the X11 port of PDCurses:
|
|
|
|
Xinitscr initscr
|
|
XCursesExit -
|
|
sb_init sb
|
|
sb_set_horz sb
|
|
sb_set_vert sb
|
|
sb_get_horz sb
|
|
sb_get_vert sb
|
|
sb_refresh sb
|
|
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|