Merge pull request #1 from os-k-team/kaleid

Kaleid
This commit is contained in:
Julian B 2018-12-24 17:16:45 +00:00 committed by GitHub
commit beebed7a69
23 changed files with 321 additions and 183 deletions

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@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
Fully open-source operating system from scratch (WIP), released under the GNU GPL version 3.0
Branch kaleid : Development focused on the Kaleid Kernel.
For changelog, see src/ChangeLog.

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@ -7,13 +7,14 @@
# Desc: Project Makefile #
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
CC_NAME="/opt/cross-cc/bin/x86_64-elf-gcc"
CWARNS=-Wall -Wextra -Werror
CCNAME="/opt/cross-cc/bin/x86_64-elf-gcc"
CWARNS=-Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic
CLDSCR=-T kernel.ld
CFLAGS=-nostdlib -ffreestanding -mcmodel=large -mno-red-zone -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2
CINCLUDES=-I./kaleid
CDEFINES=
CC=$(CC_NAME) $(CWARNS) $(CFLAGS) $(CDEFINES) $(CINCLUDES)
CC=$(CCNAME) $(CWARNS) $(CLDSCR) $(CFLAGS) $(CDEFINES) $(CINCLUDES)
ASM=nasm
ASMFLAGS=
@ -53,14 +54,14 @@ testing: bootloader pseudo_kern
COBJDIR=$(OBJDIR)/$(COMMDIR)
COMM_DEPS=$(COMMDIR)/common.h $(COMMDIR)/assert.h $(COMMDIR)/atomic.h $(COMMDIR)/config.h \
COMMDEPS=$(COMMDIR)/common.h $(COMMDIR)/assert.h $(COMMDIR)/atomic.h $(COMMDIR)/config.h \
$(COMMDIR)/status.h
COBJECTS=$(COBJDIR)/lib/string.o
common: common.lib.string.c $(COMM_DEPS)
common: common.lib.string.c $(COMMDEPS)
common.lib.string.c: $(COMMDIR)/lib/string.c $(COMM_DEPS)
common.lib.string.c: $(COMMDIR)/lib/string.c $(COMMDEPS)
$(CC) -c $(COMMDIR)/lib/string.c -o $(OBJDIR)/$(COMMDIR)/lib/string.o
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
@ -68,21 +69,21 @@ common.lib.string.c: $(COMMDIR)/lib/string.c $(COMM_DEPS)
KOBJDIR=$(OBJDIR)/$(KERNDIR)
KERN_DEPS=$(COMM_DEPS) $(KERNDIR)/init.h $(KERNDIR)/io/terminal.h $(KERNDIR)/io/ports.h
KERNDEPS=$(COMMDEPS) $(KERNDIR)/init.h $(KERNDIR)/io/terminal.h $(KERNDIR)/io/ports.h
kernel: common kernel.io.terminal.c kernel.init.c kernel.io.ports.c
$(CC) -o $(BINDIR)/kaleid-kernel.elf \
$(COBJECTS) $(KOBJDIR)/init.o \
$(CC) -o $(BINDIR)/kaleid-kernel.elf \
$(COBJECTS) $(KOBJDIR)/init.o \
$(KOBJDIR)/io/terminal.o $(KOBJDIR)/io/ports.o
kernel.init.c: $(KERNDIR)/init.c $(KERN_DEPS)
kernel.init.c: $(KERNDIR)/init.c $(KERNDEPS)
$(CC) -c $(KERNDIR)/init.c -o $(KOBJDIR)/init.o
kernel.io.ports.c: $(KERNDIR)/io/ports.c $(KERN_DEPS)
kernel.io.ports.c: $(KERNDIR)/io/ports.c $(KERNDEPS)
$(CC) -c $(KERNDIR)/io/ports.c -o $(KOBJDIR)/io/ports.o
kernel.io.terminal.c: $(KERNDIR)/io/terminal.c $(KERN_DEPS)
kernel.io.terminal.c: $(KERNDIR)/io/terminal.c $(KERNDEPS)
$(CC) -c $(KERNDIR)/io/terminal.c -o $(KOBJDIR)/io/terminal.o

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@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ GDT64:
NULL_SELECTOR: ;; null selector within 64 bits
dw GDT_LENGTH ; limit of GDT
dw GDT64 ; linear address of GDT
dd 0x0
dd 0x0 ;
CODE_SELECTOR: ;; 32-bit code selector (ring 0)
dw 0x0FFFF ; Segment Limit
db 0x0, 0x0, 0x0 ; Base Address
@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ GDT64:
; | | `---------- DPL !!! 0 for ring 0
; | `----------- DPL (2/2)
; `------------ 1 if in physical memory, 0 if page fault
db 10101111b ; |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0|
db 10101111b ; |7|6|5|4|3|2|1|0|
; | | | | | | | `----- Limit 16
; | | | | | | `------ Limit 17
; | | | | | `------- Limit 18

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@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
; Desc: Kernel (second stage) Loader for OS/K INCLUDED FUNCTIONS ;
; (x86_64 architecture only) ;
;=----------------------------------------------------------------------------=;
[BITS 16]
disable_cursor:

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@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
; Desc: Kernel (second stage) Loader for OS/K INCLUDED FUNCTIONS ;
; (x86_64 architecture only) ;
;=----------------------------------------------------------------------------=;
[BITS 64]
clear:

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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ read_clusters:
add ax, word [UserData] ; add the UserData
xor ch, ch
mov cl, byte [sectorsPerCluster] ; Sectors to read
call read_sectors ; Read the sectors
call read_sectors ; Read the sectors
pop ax ; Current cluster number
xor dx, dx
;; Calculate next sector for FAT16 (cluster * 2)

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@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ go:
;; INIT STACK
cli
mov ax, STACK_SEG ; Init the staaaaaack
mov ss, ax ; Continue init the staaaaaaaack
mov ax, STACK_SEG ; Init the stack
mov ss, ax ; Continue init the stack
mov sp, STACK_OFF ; Ok man, the stack is in 4K :O
sti
mov bp, (0x7c0-STACK_SEG) << 4 ; Correct bp (the disk description table)
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ go:
;; INITIALIZE BOOT DISK
or dl, dl ; Verifying dl points actually to the boot drive
jz load_root
mov byte [Bootdrv], dl ; Another soul (the disk) saved !
mov byte [Bootdrv], dl ; Another soul (the disk) saved!
mov ah, 0x08
int 0x13 ; int 0x13 : read drive parameters/geom
jc load_root
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ go:
mov dl, dh ; Convert the maximum head number to a word with another vaudou magical trip
xor dh, dh
inc dx ; because head numbers start at zero
mov word [heads], dx ; Another soul (the heads number) saved !
mov word [heads], dx ; Another soul (the heads number) saved!
;; LOAD THE ROOT DIRECTORY FROM DISK
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ load_root:
mov di, BUFFER_SEG ; Set the extra segment to the disk buffer
mov es, di
mov di, BUFFER_OFF ; Set es:di and load the root directory into the disk buffer
call read_sectors ; Read the sectoooooooors !
call read_sectors ; Read the sectors
;; FIND THE SECOND STAGE LOADER
mov di, BUFFER_OFF ; Set es:di to the disk buffer
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ search_root:
mov si, filename ; Load the filename
mov cx, 11 ; Compare first 11 bytes
rep cmpsb ; Compare si and di cx times
je load_fat ; We found the LOADEEEEEEEER!!!
je load_fat ; We found the loader
add ax, 32 ; File entry offset
mov di, BUFFER_OFF ; Point back to the start of the entry
add di, ax ; Add the offset to point to the next entry
@ -150,14 +150,14 @@ load_fat:
mov cx, ax ; Store in cx
mov ax, word [reservedSectors] ; Convert the first fat on the disk
mov di, BUFFER_OFF ; Set es:di and load the fat sectors into the disk buffer
call read_sectors ; Read the sectooooooooooors !!!
call read_sectors ; Read the sectors
;; LOAD THE CLUSTERS OF THE LOADER AND JUMP
mov di, LOAD_SEG
mov es, di ; Set es:bx to where the file will load
mov di, LOAD_OFF
pop ax ; File cluster restored
call read_clusters ; Read clusters from the file
call read_clusters ; Read clusters from the file
mov dl, byte [Bootdrv] ; Pass the boot Bootdrv into dl
jmp LOAD_SEG:LOAD_OFF ; Jump to the file loaded!

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@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
#ifndef _I386_TYPE_
#define _I386_TYPE_
typedef unsigned char u8;
typedef unsigned short u16;
typedef unsigned int u32;
typedef unsigned char uchar;
#endif

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@ -7,28 +7,32 @@
// Desc: Assertions //
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_assert_h
#define __kaleid_assert_h
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
#ifndef _KALCOMM_ASSERT_H
#define _KALCOMM_ASSERT_H
extern const char *panicstr;
extern void panic(const char *) __dead;
#if !defined(_NO_DEBUG)
#define assert(x) do{if(!(x))panic(#x);}while(0);
#define assert_never_used(x) do{static bool __anu_##x = FALSE; \
assert(__anu_##x == FALSE); __anu_##x = TRUE;}while(0);
#define assert_never_used(x) do{static bool __##x##_init = FALSE; \
assert(__##x##_init == FALSE); __##x##_init = TRUE;}while(0);
#define assert_used_once(x) do{static bool __anu_##x; assert(__anu_##x == TRUE);} while(0);
#define assert_used_once(x) do{static bool __##x##_init; assert(__##x##_init == TRUE);} while(0);
#else // NDEBUG
#else // not debugging
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
#define NDEBUG 1
#endif
#define assert(x)
#define assert_never_used(x)
#define assert_used_once(x)
#endif // NDEBUG
#endif
#endif

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@ -7,14 +7,14 @@
// Desc: Atomic stuff //
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_atomic_h
#define __kaleid_atomic_h
#ifndef _KALCOMM_ATOMIC_H
#define _KALCOMM_ATOMIC_H
// atomic_t defined in common/types.h
#define cli() // XXX
#define sti() // XXX
#define hlt() // XXX
#define cli() asm volatile ("cli")
#define sti() asm volatile ("sti")
#define hlt() asm volatile ("hlt")
#endif

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@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_common_h
#define __kaleid_common_h
#ifndef _KALCOMM_COMMON_H
#define _KALCOMM_COMMON_H
#define true 1
#define TRUE 1
@ -27,6 +27,9 @@
#define THROWS(...)
#define ERRS(...)
#define likely(x) __builtin_expect((x), 1)
#define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect((x), 0)
#include "common/types.h"
#include "common/config.h"
#include "common/atomic.h"

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@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
// We may do a script that generates "config.h" for the user, asking about
// the different configuration choices in the terminal.
#ifndef __kaleid_config_h
#define __kaleid_config_h
#ifndef _KALCOMM_CONFIG_H
#define _KALCOMM_CONFIG_H
//------------------------------------------//
// General configuration choices //

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@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
// We may do a script that generates "config.h" for the user, asking about
// the different configuration choices in the terminal.
#ifndef __kaleid_config_h
#define __kaleid_config_h
#ifndef _KALCOMM_CONFIG_H
#define _KALCOMM_CONFIG_H
//------------------------------------------//
// General configuration choices //

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@ -9,23 +9,16 @@
#include "common/string.h"
// XXX several of these should be re-wrote in assembly
size_t strlen(const char *s)
//
// Return str's length
// TODO multibyte, assembly
//
size_t strlen(const char *str)
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0; s; s++, i++);
for (i = 0; str; str++, i++);
return i;
}
/*size_t wcslen(const wchar_t *s);
{
int i;
for (i = 0; s; s++, i++);
return s;
}*/

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@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_status_h
#define __kaleid_status_h
#ifndef _KALCOMM_STATUS_H
#define _KALCOMM_STATUS_H
#define STATUS_FAILED(x) ((x) < 0))
#define STATUS_SUCCESS(x) (!STATUS_FAILED(x))
@ -23,8 +23,9 @@
#define BAD_ARGUMENT (-4) // invalid arguments, can't be more precise
#define BAD_ARG_RANGE (-5) // arguments out of range
#define BAD_ARG_NULL (-6) // unexpected NULL argument
#define TRY_AGAIN (-6) // EAGAIN
#define TRY_AGAIN (-7) // EAGAIN
#endif

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@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_string_h
#define __kaleid_string_h
#ifndef _KALCOMM_STRING_H
#define _KALCOMM_STRING_H
#include "common/common.h"

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@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_types_h
#define __kaleid_types_h
#ifndef _KALCOMM_TYPES_H
#define _KALCOMM_TYPES_H
typedef _Bool bool;
typedef unsigned char uchar;
@ -23,10 +23,8 @@ typedef uint wchar_t;
typedef ulong size_t;
typedef long ssize_t;
// XXX
typedef int atomic_t;
typedef ulong pid_t; // etc...
typedef ulong pid_t;
#endif

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@ -10,11 +10,9 @@
#include "kernel/init.h"
#include "kernel/io/terminal.h"
void _start(void)
void kstart(void)
{
assert(strlen("test") == 4);
kterm_init();
kterm_print("Hello World!");
panic("Goodbye World :(");
}

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@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
// Desc: Include file for init.c //
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_kernel_init_h
#define __kaleid_kernel_init_h
#ifndef _KALKERN_INIT_H
#define _KALKERN_INIT_H
#include "common/common.h"
#include "common/string.h"

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@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
// Desc: Ports I/O //
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_kernel_io_ports_h
#define __kaleid_kernel_io_ports_h
#ifndef _KALKERN_IO_PORTS_H
#define _KALKERN_IO_PORTS_H
#include "common/common.h"

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@ -9,139 +9,212 @@
#include "kernel/io/terminal.h"
// VGA buffer size
static const size_t kterm_width = 80;
static const size_t kterm_height = 25;
// position in the buffer
static size_t current_row;
static size_t current_col;
static uchar current_color;
// each buffer entry is composed of two bytes
// one is the color code, the other the character
static ushort *const buffer = (ushort *)0xB8000;
//
// VGA-related macros
//
#define ComputeColorCode(fg, bg) ((fg) | (bg) << 4)
#define ComputeEntryOffset(x, y) ((y) * kterm_width + (x))
#define ComputeEntryOffset(kt, x, y) ((y) * kt->kt_width + (x))
#define ComputeEntry(ch, cl) (((ushort)(ch)) | (ushort)(cl) << 8)
//
// VGA output
//
static struct kterm _kt_vga = {
.kt_buffer = (ushort *)0xB8000,
.kt_width = 80,
.kt_height = 25,
.kt_curr_x = 0,
.kt_curr_y = 0,
.kt_color = ComputeColorCode(KTERM_COLOR_LGREY, KTERM_COLOR_BLACK),
.kt_lock = NULL,
#ifndef _NO_DEBUG
.kt_init = FALSE,
#endif
};
//
// Standard output terminal
//
struct kterm *kt_stdout;
//
// Initialize standard output
//
void kterm_init(void)
{
assert_never_used(kterm_init);
assert(!kt_stdout && !_kt_vga.kt_init && "kterm_init() called twice");
kterm_change_color(ComputeColorCode(KTERM_COLOR_LIGHT_GREY, KTERM_COLOR_BLACK));
kterm_clear();
#ifndef _NO_DEBUG
_kt_vga.kt_init = TRUE;
#endif
// to be switched to VESA
kt_stdout = &_kt_vga;
ktclear();
}
void kterm_clear(void)
//
// Fills terminal with spaces
// XXX would '\0' work too?
//
status_t kterm_clear(struct kterm *kt)
{
size_t x, y;
size_t i;
assert_used_once(kterm_init);
if (kt == NULL)
return BAD_ARG_NULL;
for (x = 0; x < kterm_width; x++) {
for (y = 0; y < kterm_height; y++) {
const size_t offset = ComputeEntryOffset(x,y);
buffer[offset] = ComputeEntry(' ', current_color);
}
assert(kt->kt_init && "kterm_clear called before initialization");
kterm_lock(kt);
const ushort filler = ComputeEntry(' ', kt->kt_color);
const size_t bufsize = kt->kt_width * kt->kt_height;
for (i = 0; i < bufsize; i++) {
// XXX implement memset()
kt->kt_buffer[i] = filler;
}
// go back to beginning
current_row = current_col = 0;
kt->kt_curr_x = kt->kt_curr_y = 0;
// XXX cursor update
}
status_t kterm_change_color(uchar color)
{
if (color > KTERM_COLOR_WHITE)
return BAD_ARG_RANGE;
current_color = color;
kterm_unlock(kt);
return SUCCESS;
}
void kterm_putchar(char ch)
//
// Change the color code
//
status_t kterm_change_color(struct kterm *kt, uchar color)
{
if (color > KTERM_COLOR_WHITE)
return BAD_ARG_RANGE;
if (kt == NULL)
return BAD_ARG_NULL;
kterm_lock(kt);
kt->kt_color = color;
kterm_unlock(kt);
return SUCCESS;
}
//
// Writes a single character on the terminal (UNLOCKED version)
//
// DEPRECATED:
// - always use kterm_putch (LOCKED version)
// - doesn't check for NULL input
//
void kterm_putch_unlocked(struct kterm *kt, char ch)
{
int i;
size_t prev;
assert_used_once(kterm_init);
size_t prev_row;
// carriage return takes us back to the beginning of the line
// no further test should be necessary
if (ch == '\r') { current_col = 0; return; }
if (ch == '\r') { kt->kt_curr_x = 0; return; }
// line feed first takes us to the very end of the line
// later in this function we actually do the line feed
else if (ch == '\n') { current_col = kterm_width - 1; }
else if (ch == '\n') { kt->kt_curr_y = kt->kt_width - 1; }
// tabulations account for 4 spaces
else if (ch == '\t') {
prev = current_row;
prev_row = kt->kt_curr_y;
// compiler will optimize this away
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
// tabulations can't spread over two lines
if (current_row != prev) return;
kterm_putchar(' ');
if (kt->kt_curr_y == prev_row) {
kterm_putch_unlocked(kt, ' ');
}
}
}
// XXX check whether we were given a writable character
else {
const size_t offset = ComputeEntryOffset(current_col, current_row);
buffer[offset] = ComputeEntry(ch, current_color);
const size_t offset = ComputeEntryOffset(kt, kt->kt_curr_x, kt->kt_curr_y);
kt->kt_buffer[offset] = ComputeEntry(ch, kt->kt_color);
}
// end of line?
if (++current_col == kterm_width) {
current_col = 0;
if (++kt->kt_curr_x == kt->kt_width) {
kt->kt_curr_x = 0;
// end of buffer?
if (++current_row == kterm_height) {
current_row = 0;
// XXX save previous buffer(?) and clear
// line feed + end of buffer?
if (++kt->kt_curr_y == kt->kt_height) {
kt->kt_curr_y = 0;
}
}
}
void kterm_print(const char *s)
//
// Writes a single character on the terminal (LOCKED version)
//
status_t kterm_putch(struct kterm *kt, char ch)
{
while (*s) {
kterm_putchar(*s);
s++;
}
if (kt == NULL)
return BAD_ARG_NULL;
kterm_lock(kt);
kterm_putch_unlocked(kt, ch);
kterm_unlock(kt);
return SUCCESS;
}
//
// Print string on kterminal
//
status_t kterm_print(struct kterm *kt, const char *str)
{
if (kt == NULL)
return BAD_ARG_NULL;
kterm_lock(kt);
while (*str) {
kterm_putch_unlocked(kt, *str);
s++;
}
kterm_unlock(kt);
return SUCCESS;
}
//
// Panic message
//
const char *panicstr = NULL;
//
// Your best boy panic()
//
void panic(const char *s)
{
cli();
ktclear();
if (s == NULL) {
s = "(no message given)";
}
if (panicstr) {
// shouldn't be possible
ktprint("double panic!\n");
hlt();
}
panicstr = s;
kterm_clear();
ktprint("panic! - ");
ktprint(s);
kterm_print("panic! - ");
kterm_print(s);
while (1) hlt();
__builtin_unreachable();
while (TRUE) {
hlt();
}
}

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@ -7,37 +7,60 @@
// Desc: Early terminal functions //
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
#ifndef __kaleid_kernel_io_terminal_h
#define __kaleid_kernel_io_terminal_h
#ifndef _KALKERN_IO_KTERM_H
#define _KALKERN_IO_KTERM_H
#include "common/common.h"
// all available colors
enum {
KTERM_COLOR_BLACK,
KTERM_COLOR_BLUE,
KTERM_COLOR_GREEN,
KTERM_COLOR_CYAN,
KTERM_COLOR_RED,
KTERM_COLOR_MAGENTA,
KTERM_COLOR_BROWN,
KTERM_COLOR_LIGHT_GREY,
KTERM_COLOR_DARK_GREY,
KTERM_COLOR_LIGHT_BLUE,
KTERM_COLOR_LIGHT_GREEN,
KTERM_COLOR_LIGHT_CYAN,
KTERM_COLOR_LIGHT_RED,
KTERM_COLOR_LIGHT_MAGENTA,
KTERM_COLOR_LIGHT_BROWN,
KTERM_COLOR_WHITE
enum kterm_color {
KTERM_COLOR_BLACK, KTERM_COLOR_BLUE,
KTERM_COLOR_GREEN, KTERM_COLOR_CYAN,
KTERM_COLOR_RED, KTERM_COLOR_MAGENTA,
KTERM_COLOR_BROWN, KTERM_COLOR_LGREY,
KTERM_COLOR_DARK_GREY, KTERM_COLOR_LBLUE,
KTERM_COLOR_LGREEN, KTERM_COLOR_LCYAN,
KTERM_COLOR_LRED, KTERM_COLOR_LMAGENTA,
KTERM_COLOR_LBROWN, KTERM_COLOR_WHITE
};
void kterm_init(void);
void kterm_clear(void);
void kterm_putchar(char ch);
void kterm_print(const char *s);
struct kterm {
// flags?
status_t kterm_change_color(uchar color) ERRS(BAD_ARG_RANGE);
void *kt_lock;
ushort *kt_buffer;
uchar kt_color;
size_t kt_width, kt_height;
size_t kt_curr_x, kt_curr_y;
#ifndef _NO_DEBUG
bool kt_init;
#endif
};
// current "standard" terminal
extern struct kterm *kt_stdout;
void kterm_init(void);
status_t kterm_clear(struct kterm *);
status_t kterm_putch(struct kterm *, char);
status_t kterm_print(struct kterm *, const char *);
status_t kterm_change_color(struct kterm *, uchar);
#ifdef _UNLOCKED_IO
void kterm_putch_unlocked(struct kterm *, char ch);
#endif
#define ktclear() kterm_clear(kt_stdout)
#define ktputch(c) kterm_putch(kt_stdout,c)
#define ktprint(s) kterm_print(kt_stdout,s)
#define ktchcol(c) kterm_change_color(kt_stdout, c)
#define kterm_lock(kt)
#define kterm_trylock(kt)
#define kterm_unlock(kt)
#endif

49
src/kernel.ld Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
ENTRY(kstart)
SECTIONS
{
. = 0x4000; /* XXX 0x4000 is temporary */
.text : AT(ADDR(.text) - 0x4000)
{
_code = .;
*(.text)
*(.rodata*)
. = ALIGN(4096);
}
.data : AT(ADDR(.data) - 0x4000)
{
_data = .;
*(.data)
. = ALIGN(4096);
}
.eh_frame : AT(ADDR(.eh_frame) - 0x4000)
{
_ehframe = .;
*(.eh_frame)
. = ALIGN(4096);
}
.bss : AT(ADDR(.bss) - 0x4000)
{
_bss = .;
*(.bss)
/*
* You usually need to include generated COMMON symbols
* under kernel BSS section or use gcc's -fno-common
*/
*(COMMON)
. = ALIGN(4096);
}
_end = .;
/DISCARD/ :
{
*(.comment)
}
}