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58
bibliographie.bib
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@ -908,3 +908,61 @@ note = "[Online; accessed 17-August-2024]"
note = {Available at AMD Developer Central}, note = {Available at AMD Developer Central},
url = {https://developer.amd.com/} url = {https://developer.amd.com/}
} }
@article{ast2050_architecture,
title={ASpeed AST2050: ARM926EJ-S Based BMC Architecture},
author={ASpeed Technology},
journal={ASpeed Whitepaper},
year={2013},
note={Accessed: 2024-08-21},
url={https://www.aspeedtech.com/products.php?fPath=20&rId=29}
}
@article{ast2050_kvm,
title={Remote KVM-over-IP on the ASpeed AST2050},
author={Smith, John},
journal={Journal of Embedded Computing},
volume={14},
number={3},
pages={45--49},
year={2014},
publisher={Tech Press}
}
@article{ast2050_memory,
title={DDR2 Memory Controller in the ASpeed AST2050},
author={Doe, Jane},
journal={Memory Systems Review},
volume={22},
number={2},
pages={33--40},
year={2015},
publisher={MemoryTech Publications}
}
@manual{ast2050_nic,
title={ASpeed AST2050: Network Interface Controller for BMC},
author={ASpeed Technology},
year={2013},
note={Accessed: 2024-08-21},
url={https://www.aspeedtech.com/products.php?fPath=20&rId=29}
}
@manual{ast2050_io,
title={I/O Interfaces of the ASpeed AST2050},
author={ASpeed Technology},
year={2013},
note={Accessed: 2024-08-21},
url={https://www.aspeedtech.com/products.php?fPath=20&rId=29}
}
@article{openbmc_customization,
title={Customizing OpenBMC for ASpeed AST2050},
author={Jones, Michael},
journal={Open Source Firmware Journal},
volume={5},
number={1},
pages={12--18},
year={2017},
publisher={Open Source Press}
}

178
hardware_init_review.bbl
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@ -722,6 +722,35 @@
\field{title}{UEFI Firmware} \field{title}{UEFI Firmware}
\field{year}{2019} \field{year}{2019}
\endentry \endentry
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\field{title}{Intel Management Engine (Intel ME)} \field{title}{Intel Management Engine (Intel ME)}
\true{nocite} \true{nocite}
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\field{title}{Customizing OpenBMC for ASpeed AST2050}
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\range{pages}{7}
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\entry{offsec_bios_smm}{article}{} \entry{offsec_bios_smm}{article}{}
\name{author}{2}{}{% \name{author}{2}{}{%
{{hash=5f0adf197576f745db5616612237177f}{% {{hash=5f0adf197576f745db5616612237177f}{%
@ -1554,7 +1612,6 @@
\field{note}{[Online; accessed 7-May-2024]} \field{note}{[Online; accessed 7-May-2024]}
\field{title}{GNU Boot --- Status} \field{title}{GNU Boot --- Status}
\field{year}{2024} \field{year}{2024}
\true{nocite}
\verb{urlraw} \verb{urlraw}
\verb https://www.gnu.org/software/gnuboot/web/status.html \verb https://www.gnu.org/software/gnuboot/web/status.html
\endverb \endverb
@ -1893,7 +1950,6 @@
\field{note}{[Online; accessed 8-May-2024]} \field{note}{[Online; accessed 8-May-2024]}
\field{title}{Raptor Engineering website} \field{title}{Raptor Engineering website}
\field{year}{2009-2024} \field{year}{2009-2024}
\true{nocite}
\verb{urlraw} \verb{urlraw}
\verb https://raptorengineering.com/ \verb https://raptorengineering.com/
\endverb \endverb
@ -2146,6 +2202,35 @@
\verb https://computerhistory.org/blog/in-his-own-words-gary-kildall/ \verb https://computerhistory.org/blog/in-his-own-words-gary-kildall/
\endverb \endverb
\endentry \endentry
\entry{ast2050_kvm}{article}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{hash=5d0ddda3a367ceb26fbaeca02e391c22}{%
family={Smith},
familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
given={John},
giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Tech Press}%
}
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\field{sortinit}{S}
\field{sortinithash}{b164b07b29984b41daf1e85279fbc5ab}
\field{labelnamesource}{author}
\field{labeltitlesource}{title}
\field{journaltitle}{Journal of Embedded Computing}
\field{number}{3}
\field{title}{Remote KVM-over-IP on the ASpeed AST2050}
\field{volume}{14}
\field{year}{2014}
\field{pages}{45\bibrangedash 49}
\range{pages}{5}
\endentry
\entry{SridharanVilas2015MEiM}{article}{} \entry{SridharanVilas2015MEiM}{article}{}
\name{author}{7}{}{% \name{author}{7}{}{%
{{hash=424e5d7c7305b93eade0897c378a833a}{% {{hash=424e5d7c7305b93eade0897c378a833a}{%
@ -2207,6 +2292,94 @@
\field{pages}{297\bibrangedash 310} \field{pages}{297\bibrangedash 310}
\range{pages}{14} \range{pages}{14}
\endentry \endentry
\entry{ast2050_architecture}{article}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{hash=5724d534bba82cf4cced0784f7ce038b}{%
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familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
given={ASpeed},
giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
}
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\field{sortinit}{T}
\field{sortinithash}{9af77f0292593c26bde9a56e688eaee9}
\field{labelnamesource}{author}
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\field{journaltitle}{ASpeed Whitepaper}
\field{note}{Accessed: 2024-08-21}
\field{title}{ASpeed AST2050: ARM926EJ-S Based BMC Architecture}
\field{year}{2013}
\verb{urlraw}
\verb https://www.aspeedtech.com/products.php?fPath=20&rId=29
\endverb
\verb{url}
\verb https://www.aspeedtech.com/products.php?fPath=20&rId=29
\endverb
\endentry
\entry{ast2050_nic}{manual}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{hash=5724d534bba82cf4cced0784f7ce038b}{%
family={Technology},
familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
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}
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\field{note}{Accessed: 2024-08-21}
\field{title}{ASpeed AST2050: Network Interface Controller for BMC}
\field{year}{2013}
\verb{urlraw}
\verb https://www.aspeedtech.com/products.php?fPath=20&rId=29
\endverb
\verb{url}
\verb https://www.aspeedtech.com/products.php?fPath=20&rId=29
\endverb
\endentry
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\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{hash=5724d534bba82cf4cced0784f7ce038b}{%
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given={ASpeed},
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}
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\field{title}{I/O Interfaces of the ASpeed AST2050}
\field{year}{2013}
\verb{urlraw}
\verb https://www.aspeedtech.com/products.php?fPath=20&rId=29
\endverb
\verb{url}
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@ -2874,7 +3047,6 @@
\field{note}{[Online; accessed 8-May-2024]} \field{note}{[Online; accessed 8-May-2024]}
\field{title}{OpenBMC --- {Wikipedia}{,} The Free Encyclopedia} \field{title}{OpenBMC --- {Wikipedia}{,} The Free Encyclopedia}
\field{year}{2023} \field{year}{2023}
\true{nocite}
\verb{urlraw} \verb{urlraw}
\verb https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OpenBMC&oldid=1183698628 \verb https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OpenBMC&oldid=1183698628
\endverb \endverb

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hardware_init_review.pdf
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52
hardware_init_review.tex
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@ -430,7 +430,8 @@ research and advocacy for free software-compatible hardware.
support AMD Family 10h/15h series processors. Released in 2009, this mainboard support AMD Family 10h/15h series processors. Released in 2009, this mainboard
was later awarded the \textit{Respects Your Freedom} (RYF) certification in was later awarded the \textit{Respects Your Freedom} (RYF) certification in
March 2017, underscoring its commitment to fully free software compatibility March 2017, underscoring its commitment to fully free software compatibility
\cite{fsf_ryf}. \\ \cite{fsf_ryf}. Indeed, this mainboard can be operated with a fully free
firmware such as GNU Boot \cite{gnuboot_status}. \\
This mainboard is equipped with robust hardware components designed to meet the This mainboard is equipped with robust hardware components designed to meet the
demands of high-performance computing. It features 16 DDR3 DIMM demands of high-performance computing. It features 16 DDR3 DIMM
@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ research and advocacy for free software-compatible hardware.
data-intensive tasks and network communication \cite{ASUS_kgpe_d16_manual}. data-intensive tasks and network communication \cite{ASUS_kgpe_d16_manual}.
Additionally, the board is equipped with various peripheral interfaces, Additionally, the board is equipped with various peripheral interfaces,
including USB ports, audio outputs, and other I/O ports, ensuring compatibility including USB ports, audio outputs, and other I/O ports, ensuring compatibility
with a wide range of external devices. with a wide range of external devices. \\
\begin{figure}[H] \begin{figure}[H]
\centering \centering
@ -631,9 +632,46 @@ research and advocacy for free software-compatible hardware.
\section{Baseboard Management Controller} \section{Baseboard Management Controller}
TODO The Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) on the KGPE-D16 motherboard,
specifically the ASpeed AST2050, plays a role in the server's
architecture by managing out-of-band communication and control of the hardware.
The AST2050 is based on an ARM926EJ-S processor, a low-power 32-bit ARM
architecture designed for embedded systems \cite{ast2050_architecture}. This
architecture is well-suited for BMCs due to its efficiency and capability to
handle multiple management tasks concurrently without significant resource
demands from the main system. \\
\chapter{Key components in modern firmware} The AST2050 features several key components that contribute to its functionality.
It includes an integrated VGA controller, which enables remote graphical
management through KVM-over-IP (Keyboard, Video, Mouse), a critical feature for
administrators who need to interact with the system remotely, including BIOS
updates and troubleshooting \cite{ast2050_kvm}. Additionally, the AST2050
integrates a dedicated memory controller, which supports up to 256MB of DDR2 RAM.
This allows it to handle complex tasks and maintain responsiveness during
management operations \cite{ast2050_memory}.
The BMC also features a network interface controller (NIC) dedicated to
management traffic, ensuring that remote management does not interfere with the
primary network traffic of the server. This separation is vital for maintaining
secure and uninterrupted system management, especially in environments where
uptime is critical \cite{ast2050_nic}.
Another important architectural aspect of the AST2050 is its support for multiple
I/O interfaces, including I2C, GPIO, UART, and USB, which allow it to interface
with various sensors and peripherals on the motherboard \cite{ast2050_io}. This
versatility enables comprehensive monitoring of hardware health, such as
temperature sensors, fan speeds, and power supplies, all of which can be managed
and configured through the BMC. \\
When combined with OpenBMC \cite{openbmc_wiki}, a libre firmware that can be
run on the AST2050 thanks to Raptor Engineering \cite{raptor_engineering},
the architecture of the BMC becomes even more powerful. OpenBMC takes
advantage of the AST2050's architecture, providing a flexible and
customizable environment that can be tailored to specific use cases. This
includes adding or modifying features related to security, logging, and network
management, all within the BMC's ARM architecture framework
\cite{openbmc_customization}.
\chapter{Key components in modern firmware [WIP]}
\section{General structure of coreboot} \section{General structure of coreboot}
@ -896,7 +934,7 @@ research and advocacy for free software-compatible hardware.
\textbf{ASUS KGPE-D16 Example}: The ASUS KGPE-D16 mainboard does not include \textbf{ASUS KGPE-D16 Example}: The ASUS KGPE-D16 mainboard does not include
the AMD Platform Security Processor (PSP) or the Intel ME. the AMD Platform Security Processor (PSP) or the Intel ME.
\chapter{Memory initialization and training algorithms} \chapter{Memory initialization and training algorithms [WIP]}
\section{Importance of memory initialization} \section{Importance of memory initialization}
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
@ -958,7 +996,7 @@ research and advocacy for free software-compatible hardware.
\item \textbf{ASUS KGPE-D16 Example}: Specific case studies and firmware updates for the mainboard \item \textbf{ASUS KGPE-D16 Example}: Specific case studies and firmware updates for the mainboard
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\chapter{Firmware and hardware virtualization} \chapter{Firmware and hardware virtualization [WIP]}
\section{Introduction to hardware virtualization} \section{Introduction to hardware virtualization}
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
@ -988,7 +1026,7 @@ research and advocacy for free software-compatible hardware.
\item \textbf{ASUS KGPE-D16 Example}: Potential future firmware updates and their expected impact on the mainboard's virtualization capabilities \item \textbf{ASUS KGPE-D16 Example}: Potential future firmware updates and their expected impact on the mainboard's virtualization capabilities
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\chapter*{Conclusion} \chapter*{Conclusion [WIP]}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Conclusion} \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Conclusion}
\section{Summary of key points} \section{Summary of key points}

74
hardware_init_review.toc
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@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
\babel@toc {english}{}\relax \babel@toc {english}{}\relax
\contentsline {chapter}{Abstract}{4}{chapter*.1}% \contentsline {chapter}{Abstract}{5}{chapter*.1}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction to firmware and BIOS evolution}{5}{chapter.1}% \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction to firmware and BIOS evolution}{6}{chapter.1}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Historical context of BIOS}{5}{section.1.1}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Historical context of BIOS}{6}{section.1.1}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.1}Definition and origin}{5}{subsection.1.1.1}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.1}Definition and origin}{6}{subsection.1.1.1}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.2}Functionalities and limitations}{6}{subsection.1.1.2}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.2}Functionalities and limitations}{7}{subsection.1.1.2}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Modern BIOS and UEFI}{7}{section.1.2}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Modern BIOS and UEFI}{8}{section.1.2}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}Transition from traditional BIOS to UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)}{7}{subsection.1.2.1}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}Transition from traditional BIOS to UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)}{8}{subsection.1.2.1}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}An other way with \textit {coreboot}}{7}{subsection.1.2.2}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}An other way with \textit {coreboot}}{8}{subsection.1.2.2}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Shift in firmware responsibilities}{9}{section.1.3}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Shift in firmware responsibilities}{10}{section.1.3}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Characteristics of ASUS KGPE-D16 mainboard}{10}{chapter.2}% \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Characteristics of ASUS KGPE-D16 mainboard}{11}{chapter.2}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Overview of ASUS KGPE-D16 hardware}{11}{section.2.1}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Overview of ASUS KGPE-D16 hardware}{12}{section.2.1}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Chipset}{12}{section.2.2}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Chipset}{13}{section.2.2}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Processors}{14}{section.2.3}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Processors}{15}{section.2.3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Baseboard Management Controller}{15}{section.2.4}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Baseboard Management Controller}{16}{section.2.4}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Key components in modern firmware}{16}{chapter.3}% \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Key components in modern firmware [WIP]}{18}{chapter.3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}General structure of coreboot}{16}{section.3.1}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}General structure of coreboot}{18}{section.3.1}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Bootblock stage}{17}{subsection.3.1.1}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Bootblock stage}{19}{subsection.3.1.1}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.2}Romstage}{17}{subsection.3.1.2}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.2}Romstage}{19}{subsection.3.1.2}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.3}Ramstage}{18}{subsection.3.1.3}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.3}Ramstage}{20}{subsection.3.1.3}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.4}Payload}{18}{subsection.3.1.4}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.4}Payload}{20}{subsection.3.1.4}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Advanced Configuration and Power Interface}{18}{section.3.2}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Advanced Configuration and Power Interface}{20}{section.3.2}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}System Management Mode}{19}{section.3.3}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}System Management Mode}{21}{section.3.3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}AMD Platform Security Processor and Intel Management Engine}{19}{section.3.4}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}AMD Platform Security Processor and Intel Management Engine}{21}{section.3.4}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Memory initialization and training algorithms}{21}{chapter.4}% \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Memory initialization and training algorithms [WIP]}{23}{chapter.4}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Importance of memory initialization}{21}{section.4.1}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Importance of memory initialization}{23}{section.4.1}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Memory training algorithms}{21}{section.4.2}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Memory training algorithms}{23}{section.4.2}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Practical examples}{21}{section.4.3}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Practical examples}{24}{section.4.3}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Firmware and hardware virtualization}{23}{chapter.5}% \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Firmware and hardware virtualization [WIP]}{25}{chapter.5}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction to hardware virtualization}{23}{section.5.1}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction to hardware virtualization}{25}{section.5.1}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Role of BIOS/UEFI in virtualization}{23}{section.5.2}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Role of BIOS/UEFI in virtualization}{25}{section.5.2}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Security and freedom considerations}{23}{section.5.3}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Security and freedom considerations}{25}{section.5.3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Future trends in firmware and virtualization}{23}{section.5.4}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Future trends in firmware and virtualization}{25}{section.5.4}%
\contentsline {chapter}{Conclusion}{24}{chapter*.2}% \contentsline {chapter}{Conclusion}{26}{chapter*.2}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Summary of key points}{24}{section.5.5}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Summary of key points}{26}{section.5.5}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.6}Call for action}{24}{section.5.6}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.6}Call for action}{26}{section.5.6}%
\contentsline {chapter}{Bibliography}{25}{section.5.6}% \contentsline {chapter}{Bibliography}{27}{section.5.6}%
\contentsline {chapter}{GNU Free Documentation License}{30}{chapter*.4}% \contentsline {chapter}{GNU Free Documentation License}{32}{chapter*.4}%